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what did germany have to pay after ww2

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Compensation paid to the victor(s) of a war by the loser(s)

A three-masted ship with all sails.

The USCGC Eagle was built in 1936 as Horst Wessel for the German Navy. It was taken past the United States as reparations in 1946.

War reparations are compensation payments made afterward a state of war by i side to the other. They are intended to cover impairment or injury inflicted during a state of war. Generally, the term refers to money or goods irresolute hands, just not to the annexation of land.

History [edit]

Making one party pay a war indemnity is a common practise with a long history.

Rome imposed large indemnities on Carthage after the First (Treaty of Lutatius) and 2nd Punic Wars.[i]

Some war reparations induced changes in monetary policy. For example, the French payment post-obit the Franco-Prussian war played a major role in Germany's decision to adopt the gold standard;[ commendation needed ] the 230 meg silvery taels in reparations imposed on defeated People's republic of china afterward the Beginning Sino-Japanese War led Japan to a similar decision.[2]

In that location take been attempts to codify reparations both in the Statutes of the International Criminal Courtroom and the UN Basic Principles on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims, and some scholars have argued that individuals should have a right to seek bounty for wrongs they sustained during warfare through tort law.[iii] [4]

Europe [edit]

Napoleonic War [edit]

Following Napoleon's concluding loss at the Boxing of Waterloo, under the Treaty of Paris (1815), defeated France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities. France was likewise to pay boosted money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be congenital by neighbouring Coalition countries.

Franco-Prussian War [edit]

After the Franco-Prussian State of war, according to conditions of Treaty of Frankfurt (May ten, 1871), France was obliged to pay a war indemnity of 5 billion gold francs in five years. The indemnity was proportioned, according to population, to be the exact equivalent to the indemnity imposed by Napoleon on Prussia in 1807.[5] High german troops remained in parts of France until the last installment of the indemnity was paid in September 1873, alee of schedule.[half dozen]

Greco-Turkish War of 1897 [edit]

Following the Greco-Turkish War (1897), defeated Greece was forced to pay a large war indemnity to Turkey (£iv million). Greece, which was already in default,[ clarification needed ] was compelled to permit oversight of its public finances by an international financial committee.[seven]

World War I [edit]

Russians agreed to pay reparations to the Central Powers when Russia exited the war in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (which was repudiated past the Bolshevik government eight months later). Bulgaria paid reparations of two.25 billion gilded francs (90 one thousand thousand pounds) to the Entente, according to the Treaty of Neuilly.

Deutschland agreed to pay reparations of 132 billion gold marks to the Triple Entente in the Treaty of Versailles, which were and so cancelled in 1932 with Germany only having paid a part of the sum. This nevertheless left Germany with debts it had incurred in social club to finance the reparations, and these were revised by the Agreement on German External Debts in 1953. Later on another pause pending the reunification of Germany, the last installment of these debt repayments was paid on 3 October 2010.[viii]

World War Two Germany [edit]

During Earth War 2, Germany extracted payments from occupied countries, compelled loans, stole or destroyed property. In add-on, countries were obliged to provide resources, and forced labour.

Subsequently Earth War Ii, according to the Potsdam conference held between July 17 and Baronial 2, 1945, Germany was to pay the Allies US$23 billion mainly in mechanism and manufacturing plants. Dismantling in the west stopped in 1950. Reparations to the Soviet Spousal relationship stopped in 1953.

Outset before the German surrender and standing for the next two years, the United States pursued a vigorous program of harvesting all technological and scientific know-how as well as all patents and many leading scientists in Germany (known every bit Operation Paperclip). Historian John Gimbel, in his book Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Frg, states that the "intellectual reparations" (referring to German language scientists) taken by the Allies amounted to close to $ten billion.[9] German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labor. By 1947, approximately 4,000,000 German POWs and civilians were used as forced labor (nether diverse headings, such as "reparations labor" or "enforced labor") in Europe, Canada and the United States after the end of the Second World War.[ten]

World War Two Italy [edit]

According to the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, Italy agreed to pay reparations of well-nigh U.s.$125 million to Yugoslavia, Usa$105 million to Greece, U.s.$100 million to the Soviet Union, United states of america$25 million to Ethiopia, and U.s.$five meg to Albania.

Earth State of war II Hungary [edit]

Hungary agreed to pay reparations of United states of america$200 million to the Soviet Wedlock, and Usa$100 million apiece to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

World War 2 Romania [edit]

Romania agreed to pay reparations of United states$300 1000000 to the Soviet Matrimony. Romanaian economists estimated that past February 1947 the Romanian economy had suffered farther losses due to returning seized goods (U.s.$320 one thousand thousand), restoring backdrop to the Un and their nationals (U.s.a.$200 meg), renouncing German debts (U.s.a.$200 one thousand thousand), irregular requisitioning (U.s.$150 meg) and maintenance of the Soviet Army unit on its territory (US$75 million).[11] Romania paid $5.6 million in 1945[12] and, in the assessment of Digi24, it was coerced to pay through SovRom $two billion.[13]

World War Ii Finland [edit]

Finland could merely negotiate an interim peace deal with Soviet Union by agreeing to extensive reparations, and was eventually the only state to pay settled war reparations in full. The total amount of reparations rose to Usa$500 meg, at the value of the dollar in 1953.[14]

Japan [edit]

Sino-Japanese War of 1895 [edit]

The Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed on April 17, 1895, obliged Mainland china to pay an indemnity of 200 million silverish taels (¥3.61 billion) to Japan; and to open the ports of Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou to Japanese trade.

World War II Nippon [edit]

According to Article fourteen of the Treaty of Peace with Japan (1951): "Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by information technology during the state of war. Japan volition promptly enter into negotiations with Centrolineal Powers". State of war reparations made pursuant to the San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan (1951) include: reparations amounting to US$550 million (198 billion yen 1956) were fabricated to the Philippines, and U.s.$39 one thousand thousand (14.04 billion yen 1959) to South Vietnam; payment to the International Committee of the Red Cross to compensate prisoners of war (Pow) of 4.five million pounds sterling (4.54109 billion yen) was made; and Nihon relinquished all overseas assets, approximately Usa$23.681 billion (379.499 billion yen).

The United states signed the peace treaty with 49 nations in 1952 and concluded 54 bilateral agreements that included those with Burma (US$20 million 1954, 1963), South Korea (US$300 million 1965), Indonesia (Usa$223.08 1000000 1958), the Philippines (US$525 meg/52.94 billion yen 1967), Malaysia (25 million Malaysian dollars/2.94 billion yen 1967), Thailand (v.4 billion yen 1955), Micronesia (1969), Laos (1958), Cambodia (1959), Mongolia (1977), Spain ($5.5 million 1957), Switzerland, the netherlands ($10 million 1956), Sweden and Denmark. Payments of reparations started in 1955, lasted for 23 years and ended in 1977. For countries that renounced whatever reparations from Japan, it agreed to pay an indemnity and/or grants in accord with bilateral agreements. In the Articulation Communiqué of the Government of Nippon and the Government of the People'due south Republic of Red china (1972), the People'southward Republic of China renounced its demand for state of war reparations from Japan. In the Soviet–Japanese Joint Announcement of 1956, the Soviet Union waived its rights to reparations from Japan, and both Nippon and the Soviet Union waived all reparations claims arising from war. Additionally, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), under President J. R. Jayewardene, declined war reparations from Japan.[fifteen]

Iraq [edit]

Invasion of Kuwait [edit]

Afterward the Gulf War, Iraq accepted United Nations Security Quango Resolution 687, which declared Iraq's financial liability for damage acquired in its invasion of Kuwait.[16] The United Nations Bounty Committee (UNCC) was established, and US$350 billion in claims were filed past governments, corporations, and individuals. UNCC accepted and awarded compensions claims for $52.4 billion to approximately one.5 million successful claimants; as of July 2019, $48.vii billion has been paid and only $3.vii billion was left to exist paid to State of kuwait on behalf of the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation.[17] The UNCC says that its prioritization of claims by natural people, alee of claims by governments and entities or corporations (legal persons), "marked a significant step in the evolution of international claims practice". Funds for these payments were to come from a 30% share of Iraq's oil revenues from the oil for nutrient program.

Invasion past U.s. [edit]

Human rights groups in Iraq and the Usa have campaigned for reparations by the Usa for the devastation and health furnishings suffered by Iraqi citizens during the Iraq War.[18] [19]

Run across as well [edit]

  • Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)
  • Treaty of Versailles
  • Yalta Briefing
  • Potsdam Conference
  • Boxer Protocol
  • Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
  • Treaty on Basic Relations between Nippon and the South korea (1965)
  • Reparations (transitional justice)
  • Legal remedy
  • Restitution
  • Republic of haiti indemnity controversy
  • Reparation (legal)
  • Reparations Agreement betwixt Israel and Due west Germany, Holocaust reparations
  • Earth War I reparations, made from Germany due to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Livy. Ab urbe condita (The Early History of Rome, books I–V, and The History of Rome from its Foundation, books XXI–30: The War with Hannibal), London; Penguin Classics, 2002 and 1976.
  2. ^ Metzler, M. 2006. Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crunch of Liberalism in Prewar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Printing.
  3. ^ Abraham, Haim (2019-12-01). "Tort Liability for Argumentative Wrongs". Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 39 (4): 808–833. doi:10.1093/ojls/gqz025. ISSN 0143-6503.
  4. ^ Crootof, Rebecca (2016-01-01). "State of war Torts: Accountability for Democratic Weapons". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 164 (6): 1347.
  5. ^ A. J. P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman, without taking in account the Napoleonic War reparation (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1955), p. 133.
  6. ^ Dark-brown, Frederick (2010). For the Soul of French republic : culture wars in the age of Dreyfus (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 88. ISBN978-0307279217. OCLC 419798763.
  7. ^ Wynne William H., (1951), State insolvency and foreign bondholders, New Haven, Yale University Press, vol. two.
  8. ^ "Federal republic of germany makes final payment for WWI reparations". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved three Feb 2016.
  9. ^ Norman M. Naimark The Russians in Germany ISBN 0-674-78405-seven pg. 206
  10. ^ Noam Chomsky, Edward S. Herman, "Later on the Calamity: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology" (1979) pp. 35–37
  11. ^ "Spolierea României la Tratatul de Pace de la Paris". Historia. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved iii February 2016.
  12. ^ "România sărăcită. Jaful, politică de stat a URSS faţă de cei învinşi". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 Feb 2016.
  13. ^ Stephen D. Roper, Romania: The Unfinished Revolution, Routledge, London, 2000, p. eighteen
  14. ^ "Bank of Finland timeline: 60 years after the war reparations".
  15. ^ migration (8 September 2014). "Nihon PM Abe ends Sri Lanka trip with visit to temple". straitstimes.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  16. ^ "RESOLUTION 687 (1991)" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Treasury. 9 April 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Press RELEASE United nations COMPENSATION COMMISSION PAYS OUT The states$270 MILLION" (PDF). United nations Compensation Commission. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  18. ^ "United states of america reparations for Iraq are long overdue". america.aljazeera.com . Retrieved 2021-11-12 .
  19. ^ Hawa, Kaleem (2021-09-01). "Reparations for Republic of iraq". Intelligencer . Retrieved 2021-eleven-12 .

References [edit]

  • Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John "The Wreck of Reparations, being the political groundwork of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932", New York, H. Fertig, 1972.
  • Ilaria Bottigliero "Redress for Victims of Crimes nether International Law", Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague (2004).
  • Livy. Ab urbe condita (The Early History of Rome, books I–5, and The History of Rome from its Foundation, books XXI–XXX: The War with Hannibal), London; Penguin Classics, 2002 and 1976.
  • Mantoux, E. 1946. The Carthaginian Peace or The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes. London: Oxford University Printing.
  • Morrison, R. J. 1992. Gulf war reparations: Republic of iraq, OPEC, and the transfer trouble. American Periodical of Economics and Sociology 51, 385–99.
  • Occhino, F., Oosterlinck, K. and White, Due east. 2008. How much can a victor force the vanquished to pay? Journal of Economic History 68, 1–45.
  • Ohlin, B. 1929. The reparation problem: a give-and-take. Economic Journal 39, 172–82.
  • Oosterlinck, Kim (2009). "Reparations". In Durlauf, Steven Northward.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Online ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. i–5. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1920. ISBN9780333786765.
  • Schuker, Due south. A. 1988. 'American reparations' to Germany, 1919–33.: implications for the third-world debt crisis. Princeton Studies in International Finance no. 61.
  • White, E. Due north. 2001. Making the French pay: the cost and consequences of the Napoleonic reparations. European Review of Economic History 5, 337–65.

External links [edit]

  • Treaty of Peace with Nihon Signed at San Francisco on 8 September 1951
  • The United Nations Compensation Committee
  • Reparations for the gross violations of human rights during the regime of Democratic Kampuchea (the Khmer Rouge) in Kingdom of cambodia
  • Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India (1952)
  • Treaty of Peace Betwixt Japan and the Union of Burma (1954)
  • Agreement Between Japan and Thailand Apropos Settlement of "Special Yen Trouble" (1955)
  • Reparations Agreement Betwixt Japan and the Republic of the Philippines (1956)
  • Treaty of Peace Between Japan and the Republic of Indonesia (1958)
  • Reparations Understanding Between Nippon and the Republic of Vietnam (1959)
  • Agreement of 21st September, 1967, Between Nippon and the Republic of Singapore
  • Understanding of 21st September, 1967, Between Japan and Malaysia
  • Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People'due south Commonwealth of Red china (1972)
  • Japan'due south Records on War Reparations, The Association for Advocacy of Unbiased View of History
  • State of war Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Nihon
  • Petra Schmidt, "Disabled Colonial Veterans of the Imperial Japanese Forces and the Right to Receive Social Welfare Benefits from Nippon" Sydney Law Review, vol. 21(1999) pp. 231-259

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations

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